This CFE Opinion Statement, submitted to the European Institutions on 29 June 2017, discusses World Duty Free Group (formerly Autogrill España); Banco Santander and Santusa Holding (Joined Cases C-20/15 P and C-21/15 P), wherein the ECJ held that that an aid can be regarded as selective if the national tax measure deviates from the reference framework: it is not necessary to show that the national tax measure actually favours a specific group of undertakings or the production of specific goods.